Creating a User-Inventor Community: How Disabled People Innovated and Marketed Disability in Early Nineteenth-Century America.

Early nineteenth-century America's robust trade in medical and health care products is richly documented, yet many scholars have overlooked just what role people with impairments played in that industry as inventors and retailers, forming relationships with clients based on their shared experiences of disability. A study of newspaper advertisements, patents, organizational records, medical accounts, and objects suggests that many impaired and formerly impaired producers marketed products to impaired consumers, creating an organic and unselfconscious network of disabled people who made, sold, and bought knowledge and devices about and for disability. Recovering this world of disabled inventors, retailers, and their clients reveals how disability fueled innovation in early nineteenth-century America, expanding scholarly understandings of who participated in and profited from the burgeoning medical and health care economy. This study also suggests that the market was an early venue of disability community where people came together around their common bond.

Who Invented the Possum? What Historians Can Learn from Disabled Innovation in Britain's Responaut Communities.

This article provides a new exploration of disabled innovation that transforms our understanding of collective contributions to the history of science and technology. It does so by showing how a user network galvanized individual inventions into disabled expertise by tracking the development of two technologies-the Selectascan/Possum and the adapted Loudspeaking Telephone. Hamraie and Fritsch's 2019 "Crip Technoscience Manifesto" defined "disabled expertise" by exploring how disabled technology modification has been devalued. This article takes up their manifesto's challenge to combine disability history with science and technology studies by analyzing the technologies discussed in Responaut, a British quarterly magazine published between 1963 and 1989. Responauts were people who depended on respirators to breathe. This technological interdependence meant that users adapted an extraordinary variety of technologies to live well with respirators and modify their personal environment.

¿Qué es realmente eso a lo que llamamos contexto? Hacia un modelo de análisis sistemático del contexto / What Is it Really that we Call Context? Towards a Model for a Systematic Analysis of Context

En los modelos actuales de discapacidad se considera esencial el rol del contexto. Hasta la fecha no se han desarrollado modelos teóricos que permitan analizar de forma sistemática la influencia del contexto en la vida de las personas con discapacidad. En el artículo se explica el tratamiento recibido por el contexto en diferentes modelos de referencia. Se ofrece un modelo conceptual de análisis del contexto basado en categorías que permita entender mejor su influencia en la vida de las personas y facilite la transformación de las barreras que se afronten. (AU)

In current models of disability, the role of context is considered essential. To date, no theoretical models have been developed to systematically analyze the influence of context on the lives of people with disabilities. The article explains the treatment received by the context in different reference models. A conceptual model of context analysis based on categories is offered to better understand its influence on people’s lives and to facilitate the transformation of the barriers faced. (AU)

Negative Impacts of Taegyo: Feminist and Disability Perspectives.

This study examines the origin and religious roots of taegyo, Korean traditional prenatal education, and raises concerns about potential negative impacts of contemporary taegyo practice from feminist and disability perspectives. Taegyo has been accepted without much criticism due to its deep integration into prenatal care culture, and most existing literature focuses on taegyo's positive impacts on fetal health and development from scientific or nursing perspectives. This article analyzes a 19th-century taegyo manual, Taegyo Singi, and Seon and Won Buddhist literatures on taegyo in order to understand the religio-cultural concepts and contexts of taegyo. The article then discusses the potential downsides of taegyo practice today, considering its patriarchal, mother-blaming, ablest roots in Korean history and culture. The author raises concerns about social oppression, the control of women's bodily autonomy, and the disproportionate responsibility burden that taegyo places on Korean women. The article concludes with suggestions for future research and for well-balanced taegyo practice.

Recorrido histórico sobre la Ortoprotésica del aparato locomotor humano en Argentina (1880-2010) / Historical tour on the Orthoprosthetics of the human musculoskeletal system in Argentina (1880-2010)

Según la primera Encuesta Nacional de Personas con Discapacidad (ENDI 2002-2003), Complementaria del Censo Nacional (2001), la población con discapacidad representa el 7,1% de la población total que vive en localidades de al menos 5.000 habitantes. Las discapacidades más frecuentes son las motoras (39,5%), como la falta de uno o ambos miembros inferiores o superiores completos o parcialmente, parálisis o atrofia de los mismos, dificultad permanente para levantarse, acostarse, mantener la postura de pie o de sentado, caminar; para agarrar objetos; así como necesidad permanente de ayudas técnicas, silla de ruedas, ortesis, prótesis, entre otras. Estos datos muestran la necesidad imperiosa de un mayor desarrollo de la Ortoprotésica a lo largo y ancho de todo nuestro territorio. En la presente investigación proponemos un recorrido histórico de la Ortoprotésica del Aparato Locomotor en Argentina, desde sus orígenes hasta principios del nuevo milenio, intentando dilucidar futuras direcciones de desarrollo, y discutiendo sobre el posible rango epistemológico actual de esta disciplina (AU)

The fate of Jews hospitalized in mental hospitals in France during World War II.

The fate of Jewish psychiatric patients in occupied Europe during World War II is inseparable from the fate of the disabled and mentally ill, as planned by the Nazi regime. But Jews found themselves at the confluence of eugenics, Christian anti-Judaism and Nazi racist and anti-Semitic madness. They faced the twin promise of death - both as Jews and as mentally ill. They did not escape from the euthanasia programme and, if by a miracle they survived, they disappeared into the extermination camps. The modalities of annihilation of Jewish psychiatric patients are inseparable from the forms of German occupation, which differed from country to country. In this research we focus initially on various countries in occupied Europe, and then on France.

Health characteristics and health care trajectory of polyhandicaped person before and after 1990.

INTRODUCTION: Polyhandicap is defined as the combination of severe mental impairment and severe motor deficit resulting in reduced mobility and an extreme reduction in autonomy. Over the last 20years, care management for these patients has become more structured, however, their care pathway is not always optimal. OBJECTIVE: To describe/compare the health characteristics, treatment and history of the care pathways of subjects who received care before and after 1990. METHOD: Multicentre cross-sectional study, population studied: patients with polyhandicap: (i) causal brain damage<3years, (ii) severe mental impairment, (iii) motor disability, (iv) reduced mobility, (v) extreme restriction of autonomy. DATA COLLECTED: clinical and medical, care procedures, treatments, history of care pathways. RESULTS: Patients are divided into 2 groups: 545 patients who received care after 1990 and 330 before 1990. Older patients present more recurrent urinary infections, slow transit, behavioural disorders and pain, and are prescribed a greater number of drugs. For those who received care before 1990, the age of admission to an establishment is lower, with one-third receiving a consultation dedicated to the transition from paediatric to adult teams. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION: The care sector for patients with polyhandicap makes it possible to meet their needs throughout their lives, however, there is still progress to be made in terms of formalisation and of coordinating the care pathway in order to facilitate the transition from paediatric to adult services/establishments.

Epidemics And Disability.

This essay argues that considering disability and disability history needs to be part of any history of epidemics. Recent scholarship has shown the many intersections of disability history and history of medicine. This essay argues that disability plays many roles in an epidemic from establishing pre-existing conditions, to affecting the acute phase of the disease, to creating lingering disabilities in the long aftermath. Histories of epidemics that ignore the many ways in which disability affects the experience of an epidemic are incomplete.

On intellectual and developmental disabilities in the United States: A historical perspective.

The history of intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) in the United States is, in many ways, a triumphant story reflecting an increasingly progressive attitude acknowledging the equality of all persons. The law now recognizes people with IDD as citizens, possessing an equal right to education, health care, and employment-each of which represents milestone victories. However, this progression was not a linear development but rather a product of periods of growth and decline, backsliding, and hard-won battles across political, cultural, and legal domains. This article explores the vacillating historical trajectory for people with IDD in the United States from the colonial period to the present. Particular attention is paid to the conceptual understanding of disability itself across time periods as that which informs particular developments in treatment, law, and social status. The capabilities approach, as outlined by Martha Nussbaum, is then brought to bear as a heuristic framework, consonant with current developments in disability studies, and which may guide future social and legislative action.

Reforming the veteran: propaganda and agency in the First World War Reconstruction hospitals.

The United States' entry into the First World War prompted progressives to reform veterans' entitlements in the hopes of creating a system insulated from corruption and capable of rehabilitating disabled veterans into productive members of society. The replacement of pensions with medical care for wounded and disabled soldiers through the Reconstruction Hospital System was originally intended as a temporary measure but resulted in establishing the foundations of the modern veterans' health care system. Yet, these reforms would not have been possible without the support from the community of war veterans to which these reforms applied. By examining the communal values expressed in publications produced by and for soldiers, this paper explores the ways in which the Great War's veteran community expressed agency in the process of reforming the US veteran entitlements.

Moving Away from the "Medical Model": The Development and Revision of the World Health Organization's Classification of Disability.

Recently, there has been a prominent call in the history of medicine for greater engagement with disability perspectives. In this article, I suggest that critiques of the so-called medical model have been an important vehicle by which alternative narratives of disability entered the clinical arena. Historians of medicine have rarely engaged with the medical model beyond descriptive accounts of it. I argue that to more adequately address disability perspectives, historians of medicine must better historicize the medical model concept and critique, which has been drawn upon by physicians, activists, and others to advance particular perspectives on disability. My present contribution describes two distinct formulations of critique that originated in differing interest groups and characterized the medical model alternatively as insufficient and oppressive. I examine the World Health Organization's efforts to incorporate these distinctive medical model critiques during the development and revision of its International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps.

Divulgando nuevas ideas sobre la diversidad humana: la dimensión educativa del discurso sobre la discapacidad en la España franquista / Popularizing new ideas about human diversity: the educational dimension of the discourse on disability in Franco's Spain

A lo largo del Franquismo la discapacidad apareció inmersa en un complejo discurso en el que confluían, entre otras cosas, las ideas científicas, la sensibilidad hacia las personas portadoras de "deficiencias", el interés económico, y el adoctrinamiento político. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar el componente "educativo" de este discurso y poner de manifiesto cómo dicho ingrediente no estuvo únicamente dirigido a mejorar las condiciones de vida de las personas catalogadas de "inválidas", sino que pretendió también obtener el compromiso, la colaboración y la complicidad del conjunto de la ciudadanía para establecer medidas destinadas a reducir el impacto negativo que, según se sostenía, provocaba la discapacidad. Así mismo, mostraremos cómo dicho discurso, que en ocasiones adquirió tintes propagandísticos, contribuyó a que en la España franquista creciese una forma de contemplar la discapacidad que no siempre fue favorable a los intereses de las personas con discapacidad

Under Francoism, disability appeared immersed in a complex discourse in which converged, among other things, scientific ideas, sensitivity towards people carrying "deficiencies", economic interest, and political indoctrination. This paper aims to analyse the "educational" component of this discourse and underscore that not only pretended to improve the living conditions of people listed as "invalid"; but also to obtain the commitment, collaboration and complicity of the whole citizenship to implement measures to reduce the alleged negative impact of disability. Furthermore, we will show how this discourse, which sometimes acquired propaganda dyes, contributed to developing in Franco's Spain a climate regarding disability that it has not always been favourable to the interests of people with disabilities

Evidence of infectious disease, trauma, disability and deficiency in skeletons from the 19th/20th century correctional facility and asylum «Realta¼ in Cazis, Switzerland.

As a reaction to widespread poverty, a system of coercive welfare developed in Switzerland during the 19th century. Poverty was often thought to result from an individual's misconduct rather than from structural, economic or political circumstances. People whose lifestyle deviated from the desired norm or who were unable to make a living for themselves were subjected to so-called administrative detention at institutions such as workhouses and poorhouses. The excavation of the cemetery of the correctional facility/workhouse and asylum «Realta¼ in Cazis offered the opportunity to gain insight into the living conditions of a marginalized group of people and to shed light on aspects of coercive welfare that have hardly been addressed in historical studies. A comprehensive study of pathological alterations was used to assess possible physical causes and effects of administrative detention. Skeletal samples from regular contemporaneous cemeteries provided data for the general population and thus allowed us to detect peculiarities in the «Realta¼ assemblage. Possible cases of Stickler Syndrome, microcephaly, congenital syphilis, endemic hypothyroidism and disabilities secondary to trauma may have been the reason for the affected individuals' institutionalisation. The high prevalence of tuberculosis was linked to the socioeconomic status and the living conditions at the facility. Several cases of scurvy and osteomalacia may have resulted from various risk factors such as poverty, alcoholism, mental illness or institutionalisation. The fracture rates, especially of ribs, were extremely high. A large proportion of the fractures were incompletely healed and most likely occurred during detention due to interpersonal violence. Underlying diseases further contributed to the high fracture rates. This first study on skeletons from an institution of administrative detention in Switzerland demonstrated how pre-existing health conditions and the socioeconomic background contributed to the chance of being detained, and how detention led to further deterioration of health.

Cocreating guide dog partnerships: dog training and interdependence in 1930s America.

This article scrutinises issues around disability and dependent (interdependent) agency, extending these to non-human animals and service dogs, with a sustained reference to the training of guide dogs. It does this through a detailed engagement with the training methodology and philosophy of The Seeing Eye guide dog school in the 1930s, exploring the physical, bodily and instrumental means through which the guide dog partnership, and the identity of the instructor, the guide dog and the guide dog owner, jointly came into being. The novelty of the article lies in how it reconsiders what interdependence meant and means from the perspectives drawing from historical and sociological literature on dog training. In doing so it opens up new ways of thinking about service animals that recognise their historical contingency and the complex processes at work in the creation and development of interdependent agency.

Encuentro entre la perspectiva decolonial y los estudios de la discapacidad / Encounters between the decolonial perspective and disabilities studies

El objetivo del manuscrito es indagar sobre las posibilidades de articular la temática de la discapacidad y la perspectiva decolonial a través de una aproximación revisionista de los supuestos de la colonialidad/decolonialidad desde los estudios críticos de la discapacidad. De este modo, y por medio de un encuentro teórico de ambas perspectivas, se ofrecen nodos de confluencia a fin de brindar aportes a las discusiones presentes dentro del ámbito académico y el activismo social, visibilizando saberes, prácticas y epistemologías encubiertas por la matriz de poder moderno-colonial.

The aim of this paper is to inquire into the possibilities of articulating the theme of disability and the decolonial perspective through a revisionist approach to the assumptions of coloniality / decoloniality from critical studies of disability. In this way, and through a theoretical meeting of both perspectives, nodes of confluence are offered in order to provide contributions to the discussions present within the academic field and social activism, making knowledge visible, practices and epistemologies concealed by the matrix of power moderncolonial.

A construção de uma escala sobre as concepções de deficiência: procedimentos metodológicos / La construction d'une échelle sur les concepts de déficience: procédures méthodologiques / La construcción de una escala acerca de las concepciones sobre la discapacidad: procedimientos metodológicos / The construction of a scale on the conceptions of disability: methodological procedures

Resumo Este artigo parte dos preceitos da psicologia histórico-cultural para analisar como a deficiência é conceituada e suas implicações. Procura descrever a elaboração de um procedimento metodológico para averiguar concepções de deficiência. Feita a revisão da literatura nacional e internacional, foram circunscritas quatro concepções: orgânica, psicossocial, histórico-cultural e metafísica. Para cada uma delas foram definidas cinco asserções, dispostas em cinco pontos ordinais. A escala foi avaliada por juízes com familiaridade teórico-metodológica na temática deficiência. Foi calculado o índice de concordância entre as classificações originais dos enunciados com as marcações e retorno e revisão das classificações discordantes. Aplicações iniciais e os tratamentos decorrentes permitiram a confecção da Escala de Concepções de Deficiência (ECD).

Résumé Cet article est basé sur les préceptes de la psychologie historico-culturelle pour analyser comment le handicap est conceptualisé et ses implications. L'étude décrit l'élaboration d'une procédure méthodologique pour examiner les conceptions du hándicap. Après l'examen de la documentation nationale et internationale, quatre concepts ont été circonscrites: organique, psychosocial, historique-culturel et métaphysique. Pour chaque concept, cinq assertions ont été définis et organisées en cinq points ordinaux. L'échelle a été évaluée par des juges ayant une connaissance théorique et méthodologique des handicaps. L'index de la concordance a été calculé entre les classifications originelles des énoncés avec des marques, et le retour et la révision des classifications dissonants. Les applications initiales et les traitements résultant ont permis de concevoir l'échelle de conceptions de déficience (ECD).

Resumen Ese artículo parte de los preceptos de la Psicología histórico-cultural para analizar cómo la discapacidad es conceptuada y sus implicaciones. Se busca describir la elaboración de un procedimiento metodológico para averiguar concepciones de discapacidad. En el artículo se efectúa un análisis crítico sobre la relación de la sociedad con la persona con discapacidad, y su objetivo es describir la elaboración de un procedimiento metodológico para detectar las concepciones sobre la discapacidad. Una vez realizado el estudio de la literatura nacional y extranjera, se delimitaron cuatro concepciones: orgánica, psicosocial, histórico-cultural y metafísica. Para cada concepción se definieron cinco categorías organizadas en cinco clases ordinales. La escala fue evaluada por jueces que tienen pensamiento teórico-metodológica cercano al tema de la discapacidad. Se calculó el índice de concordancia entre las clasificaciones originales de los enunciados con las señales y la devolución obtenida, así como la revisión de las clasificaciones discordantes. Las aplicaciones preliminares y las indicaciones resultantes posibilitaron la elaboración de la Escala de Concepciones sobre la Discapacidad (ECD).

Abstract This article is based on the precepts of historical-cultural psychology to analyze how disability is conceptualized and its implications. The study describes the development of a methodological procedure to identify conceptions of disability. After a review of national and international bibliography, four concepts were circumscribed: organic, psychosocial, historical-cultural and metaphysical. For each concept five assertions were defined and arranged at five ordinal points. The scale was evaluated by judges with theoretical-methodological familiarity on disabilities. It was calculated the index of agreement between original classification of utterances with marks, and the return and review of opposing classifications. Initial applications and resulting treatments allowed the conceiving of the Conceptions of Disability Scale (CDS).

60 años de la aprobación del título de fisioterapia y de la primera escuela de fisioterapia reconocida, la de Salus Infirmorum en el centro infantil "Casa del Niño" de Madrid / 60 years since approval of the physiotherapy degree and the first recognized physiotherapy school, Salus Infirmorum ubicated in the children's center "Casa del Niño" in Madrid

Se acaban de cumplir 60 años de la aprobación de la especialidad de Fisioterapia para los Ayudantes Técnicos Sanitarios, así como la creación de las primeras escuelas de Fisioterapia. El presente artículo justificará cómo el conjunto de brotes epidémicos de poliomielitis en España, influyeron de forma decisiva en el nacimiento de profesiones sanitarias como la Fisioterapia. Por otro lado, se reconstruirá el proceso de institucionalización, nacimiento y desarrollo en sus primeros años de la Escuela de Fisioterapia Salus Infirmorum, la primera en ser aprobada por el Ministerio de Educación. Salus Infirmorum, con la creación del centro infantil "Casa del Niño" consiguió aunar la formación de fisioterapeutas y el tratamiento de niños con problemas motóricos como consecuencia de la poliomielitis. En el centro se atendió a más de 680 niños y se formaron en ella 373 enfermeras fisioterapeutas, siendo reconocido como Obra de interés social, por la Comisaría de Asistencia Social del Ministerio de Educación Nacional, en orden 6 de junio de 1958

Sixty years have passed since approval of the Physiotherapy specialty for licensed practical nurses, as well as the establishment of the first Physiotherapy Schools. This paper will explain how the set of epidemic outbreaks of poliomyelitis in Spain, had a decisive influence on the birth of health professions such as Physiotherapy. On the other hand, throughout it, the process of institutionalization of Salus Infirmorum, the first Physiotherapy College recognized by the Ministry of Education, its birth and its first year’s early development will be reconstructed. Salus Infirmorum, with the creation of the children’s center "Casa del Niño" managed to combine the physiotherapists training with the treatment of children with motor disorders as a result of poliomyelitis. In the healthcare center, more than 680 children were attended and 373 physiotherapist-nurses were trained, being recognized as a Social Interest Group, by the Social Assistance Commission of the Ministry of National Education, in order June 6, 1958

El dispositivo de la discapacidad en la España del tardofranquismo (1959-1975): una propuesta de análisis / The dispositive of disability during the late-francoist Spain (1959-1975): an analysis proposal

En este artículo pretendemos mostrar la conformación de un dispositivo de la discapacidad en la España del tardofranquismo. Para ello, y tras unos breves apartados de introducción metodológica y conceptual, analizaremos los discursos y mecanismos destinados al gobierno de la discapacidad en tres ámbitos de análisis: el económico, el médico-social y el pedagógico. El análisis de estos discursos y mecanismos, entendidos en su conexión tanto con elementos previos como con dinámicas internacionales contemporáneas al momento estudiado, nos permitirá examinar y exponer las particularidades de este dispositivo en el periodo propuesto. El artículo concluirá con una serie de consideraciones finales que han de servir de marco interpretativo para ulteriores aproximaciones a escenarios de estudio más concretos

The aim of this article is to show the conformation of a dispositive of disability during the Late-Francoist Spain. In order to do so, we will first introduce the theoretical and methodological framework of the proposal. Secondly, we will analyse both the discourses and the dynamics of the disability dispositive by studying three main areas: the economic field, the social and medical area and the pedagogical practices. The main objective of this particular analysis is to become a tool that will allow us to expose the specificities of the dispositive of disability during the proposed time frame, always in connection with the Spanish previous scenario and with contemporary international dynamics. The article will conclude with a series of final considerations that will serve as an interpretative framework for further approaches to more specific case studies